Primitive sequence number

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204 byte code computing primitive sequence system

The primitive sequence number is a large number made by a Japanese Googology Wiki user Bashicu. It was posted to the large number thread Part.10 of website 2channel as the program (message No. 109) and its examples (No. 135-140). The algorithm calculating primitive sequence number is called primitive sequence system; it is like Beklemishev's worm and it has the strength of \(f_{\varepsilon_0}(n)\). The size of primitive sequence number is about \(f_{\varepsilon_0+1}(10)\).

Pair sequence system, which is the expansion of primitive sequence system into two rows by Bashicu, has strength approximated to \(f_{\psi_0(\Omega_{\omega})}(n)\) with respect to Buchholz's function. The expansion into three rows by Bashicu is called as Trio sequence system. The generalization of them by Bashicu are called as Bashicu matrix system. It has \(n\) rows. Their investigation is currently in progress.

Hyper primitive sequence system, which is an extension of primitive sequence system using difference sequence system by a Japanese Googology Wiki user Yukito has the strength of \(f_{\psi(\Omega_{\omega})}(n)\) with respect to Buchholz's function.

Definition

The first definition of the primitive sequence number was posted into the communication website 2channel large number thread Part.10 as the pseudo code in BASIC language. After that, the definitions are maintained on the article Summary of the large number in BASIC Language in Wikia user blog.

Mathematical definition

Although the original definition is written in the pseudo code of BASIC language, it can be described in the mathematical definition as following:

Large function

Primitive sequence is a list of non negative integer \(S = (S_0, S_1, \ldots, S_k)\). Primitive sequence has the behavior as the function from a non negative integer \(n\) into a non negative integer, the value of \(S[n]\) is defined as below:

• \( ()[n]=n \).
• good part \(g\) and bad part \(b\) of the primitive sequence are defined as following: (\(r\) is the largest non negative integer which gives \(r<k\) and \(S_r<S_k\) in below.)
  • When \(r\) exists, let \(g\) and \(b\) be \(g=(S_0,\ldots,S_{r-1}),~b= (S_{r},\ldots,S_{k-1})\).
  • When \(r\) does not exists, let them be \(g=(S_0, \ldots, S_{k−1}),~b=() \).
• Let \(S[n]\) be \(S[n] = (g \frown b \underbrace{\frown b \frown \cdots \frown b}_{f(n) \mathrm{'s}~\frown b})[f(n)]\). Where, \(f(n)\) is \(f(n)=n^2\).

That's the definition of \(S[n]\).

\(\frown\) is the concatenation of the sequence, for example, \((0, 3, 2) \frown (1, 4, 5) = (0, 3, 2, 1, 4, 5)\).

That is the definition modeled after Beklemishev's worm. Note that the position which make division of \(g\) and \(b\) is different from the one of Beklemishev's worm.

Large numbers

Primitive sequence number is defined as \(P^{10}(9)~(P(n)=(0,\cdots,n)[n])\) with respect to the primitive sequence system above.

In addition, a Taiwanese Googologist Mi created and drew a Gijinka (anthropomorphization) of \((0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0)[10]\) (19 0s), and a Japanese Googologist 銀杏 coined the name 久界 (kyuukai) for it. A Japenese Googlogy Wiki user koteitan created a dancing video of 久界, a Japanese Googology Wiki user fish, and a Japanee Googologist 巨大数大好きbot (cf. #External Links).

Explanation of definition

The easy explanation of finding \(r\) is, searching the number \(S_k-1\) from the right side of the sequence, the index of the one is found as \(r\). For example, in the case of \((0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, \underbrace{2}_{=S_k})[2]\) , the rightmost number \(S_k\) is \(2\), search \(1\) to the left side from there, the first found \(1\) is \(S_5=1\) so that \(r=5\). In this case \(b\) and \(g\) become \((\underbrace{0, 1, 2, 3, 3}_{=g}, \underbrace{1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2}_{=b}, 2)[2]\). The bracket is \([2]\) and \(f(n)=n^2\), they give

\begin{eqnarray*} S[2]&=&g\frown b~\underbrace{\frown b\frown b\frown b\frown b}_{2^2~{\rm ’s}}\\ &=&(\underbrace{0, 1, 2, 3, 3}_{=g}, \underbrace{1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2}_{=b}, \underbrace{1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2}_{=b}, \underbrace{1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2}_{=b}, \underbrace{1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2}_{=b}, \underbrace{1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2}_{=b})[4]. \end{eqnarray*}

This \(S_r\) is often called as bad root.

Others

Primitive sequence is often written in the format like \(S = (S_0 S_1 \ldots S_k) = (S_0)(S_1) \ldots (S_k)\) as the special case of the Bashicu matrix system.

The calculation of the Primitive sequence system can be done with Bashicu Matrix Calculator. For example, the calculation result of (0)(1)(2)(3)[2] becomes like this. (It grows if you give the bigger 'maximum length'.) Although it might look to be continue to grow, this sequence always achieve to the empty sequence at the last and it leave \([n]\). Then the calculation is terminated after the output of \([n]=n\). If you give (0)(1)(2)[2] with \(f(n)=n\), you can see the process until the termination.

In addition that, it can be modified to match to Hardy hierarchy and it can calculate \(H_{\omega^\omega}(2) = 8\) as like this.

Considering the function \(P(n) = (0,1,2, \ldots, n)[n]\), The grow rate of the \(P(n)\) is about \(f_{\varepsilon_0}(n)\). Primitive sequence number is \(P^{10}(9)\) and its size is about \(f_{\varepsilon_0+1}(10)\).

Correspondence with ordinals

There is a correspondence assigning to each primitive sequence an ordinal less than \(\varepsilon_0\) so that the corresponding ordinals are always reduced in the calculation of primitive sequences. Since there is no infinite descending chain of ordinals, the calculation of the primitive sequences necessarily reach end. Googology Wiki user 12AbBa gave an introductory lecture on how to prove the termination of primitive sequence in a series of lectures on ordinal collapsing functions in Ross Mathematics Program, and Japanese Googology Wiki user Mizudora independently proved the termination of primitive sequence.

Indeed, there is a program which displays the ordinals corresponding to primitive sequences (cf. #Correspondence with ordinals 2). The inverse correspondence from ordinals to primitive sequences of standard form is demonstrated in the following way:

1. Write the hydra tree corresponding to a given ordinal \(\alpha\). The figure above represents \(\omega^{\omega^\omega+\omega^3}+\omega^{\omega^2+1}\) as the paper by Kirby and Paris (1982).
2. Start below from root node.
3. Add a new element 0 into the last of the sequence when you go up in 1 above from the root node.
4. Add a new element "(the last element) + 1" into the last of the sequence when you go up in 1 above from the other node.
5. When you reach the end of the branch and go down to the branching node (common anscestor) and go on the another branch, add "(the branching element) + 1".
6. so that the number in the node becomes the value "(height)-1".
7. Here is the example to corresponding with the figure like this. The part of \(\omega^{\omega^\omega}\) is shown as (0,1,2,3). after that, go down 3 nodes, go to the next branch (segment), get (1,2,2,2), it is added into the sequence. After that, (0,1,2,2,1) is added as the same. Finally, the hydra tree is corresponded with the primitive sequence (0,1,2,3,1,2,2,2,0,1,2,2,1).
8. \(\omega^{\omega^\omega+\omega^3}+\omega^{\omega^2+1} = (0,1,2,3,1,2,2,2,0,1,2,2,1)\).

Examples

Here are examples of the correspondence between ordinals below \(\varepsilon_0\) and primitive sequences of standard form.

\begin{eqnarray*} 1 &=& (0) \\ 2 &=& (0,0) \\ 3 &=& (0,0,0) \\ \omega &=& (0,1) \\ \omega+1 &=& (0,1,0) \\ \omega \cdot 2 &=& (0,1,0,1) \\ \omega^2 &=& (0,1,1) \\ \omega^2+\omega &=& (0,1,1,0,1) \\ \omega^3 &=& (0,1,1,1) \\ \omega^\omega &=& (0,1,2) \\ \omega^{\omega^\omega} &=& (0,1,2,3) \\ \omega^{\omega^{\omega^\omega}} &=& (0,1,2,3,4) \\ \omega^{\omega^{(\omega^\omega+1)}} &=& (0,1,2,3,4,2) \\ \omega^{\omega^{\omega^{\omega^\omega}}} &=& (0,1,2,3,4,5) \\ \end{eqnarray*}

Programs

Expansion

The python code which performs Primitive sequence system is shown in the site The Py_1 Function, which is the online JAM to make the large number with short codes.

The code is 72 bytes and it calculates (0)(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)[9] in \(f(n)=n^2\).

x,*m=range(9,-1,-1)
while m:
   q,*m=m;x*=x
   if q:m=m[:m.index(q-1)+1]*x+m

Here are a few codes:

• Expansion calculators:
  • in C by fish: Bashicu matrix calculator
  • in Javascript by koteitan: yaBMS
  • in Javascript by koteitan: prss.html (See also a blog post with detailed explanations in Japanese or its English translation.)
• Ordinal converters:
  • in Python 2 by fish: Primitive sequence analyzer 原始数列解析 (See also a blog post with detailed explanations in Japanese.)
  • in Javascript by koteitan: p2o
• Hydra notation converters:
  • in Javascript by koteitan: hydraviewer(for Pair sequence system)
  • in Javascript by naruyoko: BMS Hydra viewer(Multi-row supported)

Correspondence with ordinals

The assignment in #Correspondence with ordinals is also implemented into programs:

• fish, Primitive sequence analyzer 原始数列解析
• koteitan, Primitive sequence to ordinal in four lines Javascript

External Links

• koteitan, 久界が踊ります. (A link to a dancing video of 久界, fish, and 巨大数大好きbot.)

See also

• Pair sequence system
• Bashicu matrix system
• Hyper primitive sequence system

Googology in Japan

Original numbers, functions, notations, and notions

By Aeton: Okojo numbers · N-growing hierarchy
By 新井 (Arai): Arai's psi function
By aster: White-aster notation · White-aster
By バシク (BashicuHyudora): Primitive sequence number · Pair sequence number · Bashicu matrix system 1/2/3/4 original idea
By ふぃっしゅ (Fish): Fish numbers (Fish number 1 · Fish number 2 · Fish number 3 · Fish number 4 · Fish number 5 · Fish number 6 · Fish number 7 · S map · SS map · s(n) map · m(n) map · m(m,n) map) · Bashicu matrix system 1/2/3/4 formalisation · TR function (I0 function)
By Gaoji: Weak Buchholz's function
By じぇいそん (Jason): Irrational arrow notation · δOCF · δφ · ε function
By 甘露東風 (Kanrokoti): KumaKuma ψ function
By koteitan: Bashicu matrix system 2.3
By mrna: 段階配列表記 · 降下段階配列表記 · 多変数段階配列表記 · SSAN · S-σ
By Naruyoko Naruyo: Y sequence formalisation · ω-Y sequence formalisation
By Nayuta Ito: N primitive · Flan numbers (Flan number 1 · Flan number 2 · Flan number 3 · Flan number 4 version 3 · Flan number 5 version 3) · Large Number Lying on the Boundary of the Rule of Touhou Large Number 4 · Googology Wiki can have an article with any gibberish if it's assigned to a number
By Okkuu: Extended Weak Buchholz's function
By p進大好きbot: Ordinal notation associated to Extended Weak Buchholz's function · Ordinal notation associated to Extended Buchholz's function · Naruyoko is the great · Large Number Garden Number
By たろう (Taro): Taro's multivariable Ackermann function
By ゆきと (Yukito): Hyper primitive sequence system · Y sequence original idea · YY sequence · Y function · ω-Y sequence original idea

Methodology

By バシク (BashicuHyudora): Bashicu matrix system as a notation template
By じぇいそん (Jason): Shifting definition
By mrna: Side nesting
By Nayuta Ito and ゆきと (Yukito): Difference sequence system

Implementation of existing works into programs

By ふぃっしゅ (Fish): Ackermann function
By koteitan: Ackermann function · Beklemishev's worms · KumaKuma ψ function
By Mitsuki1729: Ackermann function · Graham's number · Conway's Tetratri · Fish number 1 · Fish number 2 · Laver table
By みずどら: White-aster notation
By Naruyoko Naruyo: p進大好きbot's Translation map for pair sequence system and Buchholz's ordinal notation · KumaKuma ψ function · Naruyoko is the great
By 猫山にゃん太 (Nekoyama Nyanta): Flan number 4 version 3 · Fish number 5 · Laver table
By Okkuu: Fish number 1 · Fish number 2 · Fish number 3 · Fish number 5 · Fish number 6
By rpakr: p進大好きbot's ordinal notation associated to Extended Weak Buchholz's function · Standardness decision algorithm for Taranovsky's ordinal notation

Proofs, translation maps for analysis schema, and other mathematical contributions

By ふぃっしゅ (Fish): Computing last 100000 digits of mega · Approximation method for FGH using Arrow notation · Translation map for primitive sequence system and Cantor normal form
By Kihara: Proof of an estimation of TREE sequence · Proof of the incomparability of Busy Beaver function and FGH associated to Kleene's \(\mathcal{O}\)
By koteitan: Translation map for primitive sequence system and Cantor normal form
By Naruyoko Naruyo: Translation map for Extended Weak Buchholz's function and Extended Buchholz's function
By Nayuta Ito: Comparison of Steinhaus-Moser Notation and Ampersand Notation
By Okkuu: Verification of みずどら's computation program of White-aster notation
By p進大好きbot: Proof of the termination of Hyper primitive sequence system · Proof of the termination of Pair sequence number · Proof of the termination of segements of TR function in the base theory under the assumption of the \(\Sigma_1\)-soundness and the pointwise well-definedness of \(\textrm{TR}(T,n)\) for the case where \(T\) is the formalisation of the base theory

Entertainments

By 小林銅蟲 (Kobayashi Doom): Sushi Kokuu Hen
By koteitan: Dancing video of a Gijinka of Fukashigi · Dancing video of a Gijinka of 久界 · Storyteller's theotre video reading Large Number Garden Number aloud

See also: Template:Googology in Asia